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The security of space assets has become paramount in our interconnected world, where space operations rely on a complex infrastructure encompassing space, user, link, and ground segments. This article delves into the interdependence between space and cyber domains and the vulnerabilities that expose space infrastructure to cyber threats.
The space segment involves spacecraft, payloads, and satellite constellations, all of which provide space-based capabilities. The user segment encompasses terrestrial devices, vehicles, persons, or organizations with satellite signal receiver equipment. The ground segment comprises Earth-based elements such as space support facilities, launch facilities, mission control centers, and ground stations. The link segment forms the information transmission architecture connecting ground and space, including uplink and downlink data streams, security protocols, and transmitted data.
In recent years, the surge in cyber threats and cyber-capable actors has jeopardized space infrastructure. Satellites, which are reliant on digital networks for communication with ground operators and users, are vulnerable. Interconnecting commercial hardware, firmware, and software across the four space segments increases susceptibility. Cybersecurity risks include command and control system intrusions, satellite orbit manipulation, and payload disruption.
Satellites have become indispensable in modern warfare, which has amplified the urgency for robust cybersecurity frameworks to safeguard these crucial assets.
In August 2023, the FBI, the National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC), and the Air Force Office of Special Investigations released a bulletin warning that foreign intelligence agencies could use cyber-attacks, shell companies, or....
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